Is public R&D spending complementary and thus “additional” to private R&D spending, or
does it substitute for and tend to “crowd out” private R&D? Conflicting answers are given to …

This article critically reviews the literature on the economic benefits of publicly funded basic
research. In that literature, three main methodological approaches have been adopted …

Using data on 800,000 corporate publications and patent citations to these publications
between 1980 and 2015, we study how corporate investment in research is linked to its use …

Open Innovation describes an emergent model of innovation in which firms draw on
research and development that may lie outside their own boundaries. In some cases, such …

The systems of innovation approach is considered by many to be a useful analytical
approach for better understanding innovation processes as well as the production and …

Science policy issues have recently joined technology issues in being acknowledged to
have strategic importance for national 'competitiveness' and 'economic security'. The …

The Open Innovation paradigm can be understood as the antithesis of the traditional vertical
integration model where internal research and development (R&D) activities lead to …

SCIENCE COMMANDS the attention of economists for at least three reasons. First and most
important, science is a source of growth. The lags between basic research and its economic …

This paper explores the recent explosion in university patenting as a source of insight into
the changing relationship between the university and the private sector. Before the mid …

This paper offers a framework to illuminate the role of universities in systems of innovation.
The framework attempts to incorporate economic, social, and political influences that affect …