For the last two decades, pathogenic concepts in Parkinson disease (PD) have revolved
around the toxicity and spread of α-synuclein. Thus, α-synuclein would follow caudo-rostral …

Background The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory
dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the …

Olfactory dysfunction is common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and often predates the
diagnosis by years, reflecting early deposition of Lewy pathology, the histologic hallmark of …

Executive dysfunction can be present from the early stages of P arkinson's disease (PD). It is
characterized by deficits in internal control of attention, set shifting, planning, inhibitory …

Olfactory deficits are present in numerous neurodegenerative disorders and are
accompanied by pathology in related brain regions. In several of these disorders, olfactory …

In view of its ability to explain the most frequent motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease
(PD), degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been considered one of the disease's …

The central cholinergic system includes the basal forebrain nuclei, mainly projecting to the
cortex, the mesopontine tegmental nuclei, mainly projecting to the thalamus and subcortical …

Although emerging evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is
closely related to the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the midbrain, the clearance …

Psychotic symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and are associated with
poorer quality of life and increased caregiver burden. PD psychosis is correlated with …

Objective To evaluate the association between baseline olfaction and both cross-sectional
and longitudinal cognitive assessments, motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms (NMS), and …