With the rapid development of biomedicine, people have a deeper understanding with the
biological characteristics of malignant tumors, and begin to notice that in most tumors, there …

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are aggressive tumors that often present at
advanced stage in difficult‐to‐biopsy regions of the head and neck. With the rapid move to …

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are associated with significant
treatment-related morbidity and poor disease-free and disease-specific survival, especially …

Lung cancer is a highly heterogeneous cancer and is divided broadly into small and
nonsmall cell lung cancer (SCLC or NSCLC). In all NSCLC patients, it is estimated that 50 …

Background Recurrent laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCCs) are associated with
poor outcomes, without reliable biomarkers to identify patients who may benefit from …

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is capable of constructing a favorable immune
escape environment through interactions of cells with cells and of cells with the environment …

Approximately 60%–70% of patients with malignant tumours require radiotherapy. The
clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1, has …

Upregulation of programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) in cancer cells and its ligation to PD-
1 on T cells facilitates cancer cell escape from immune surveillance. Therapies with PD-1 or …

Background Blockade of PD-1 receptor may provide proof of concepts for the activity of an
immune-modulation approach for the treatment of breast cancer (BC). Zoledronic acid (ZA) …

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Approximately 85% of
all lung cancers are non–small cell histology [non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)]. Modern …