▪ Abstract Deer have expanded their range and increased dramatically in abundance
worldwide in recent decades. They inflict major economic losses in forestry, agriculture, and …

The Japanese sika deer Cervus nippon has expanded its range by nearly 70% during the
last two decades. Browsing by sika deer affects vegetation in both agricultural and forested …

Large mammalian herbivores not only depend on plant communities for their existence but
cause major changes in plant community composition and structure. These changes have …

White‐tailed deer have increased in abundance and expanded their geographic range in
North America over the past century, and now exist at higher densities than they have in the …

Large effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) upon individual plants, plant
populations and communities have been documented in a number of studies. However, well …

Wild ungulates such as red deer, roe deer and wild boar are key drivers of forest
ecosystems. Across the northern hemisphere, their range and abundance is increasing …

Background Livestock grazing and 'overabundance'of large wild herbivores in forested
areas have long been perceived as conflicting with the aims of both silviculture and forest …

Increasing populations of cervids in Europe and North America have made the issue of
overgrazing relevant outside areas with domestic or semi‐domestic herbivores. Over …

Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity brings together more than thirty
leading scientists and conservation practitioners to consider a key question in environmental …

Animal distribution and abundance are greatly affected by the availability of their food
resources, which also depends on landscape structure. Lothar hurricane in 1999 had …