The execution and learning of diverse movements involve neuronal networks distributed
throughout the nervous system. The brainstem and basal ganglia are key for processing …

The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels of the nervous system from cortex to
the spinal cord. Here, we aim to cover all main aspects of this complex behavior, from the …

Locomotion is a universal motor behavior that is expressed as the output of many integrated
brain functions. Locomotion is organized at several levels of the nervous system, with …

Arrest of ongoing movements is an integral part of executing motor programs. Behavioral
arrest may happen upon termination of a variety of goal-directed movements or as a global …

The basal ganglia are essential for executing motor actions. How the basal ganglia engage
spinal motor networks has remained elusive. Medullary Chx10 gigantocellular (Gi) neurons …

When animals walk overground, mechanical stimuli activate various receptors located in
muscles, joints and skin. Afferents from these mechanoreceptors project to neuronal …

The flexibility of locomotor movements requires an accurate control of their start, duration,
and speed. How brainstem circuits encode and convey these locomotor parameters remains …

We advance an account that grounds cognition, specifically decision-making, in an activity
all organisms as autonomous systems must perform to keep themselves viable—controlling …

Descending command neurons instruct spinal networks to execute basic locomotor
functions, such as gait and speed. The command functions for gait and speed are symmetric …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a locomotor command area containing
glutamatergic neurons that control locomotor initiation and maintenance. These motor …