Stress constitutes a state of threatened homeostasis triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic
adverse forces (stressors) and is counteracted by an intricate repertoire of physiologic and …

Objective.—This article defines stress and related concepts and reviews their historical
development. The notion of a stress system as the effector of the stress syndrome is …

Inflammation is implicated in the progressive nature of neurodegenerative diseases, such as
Parkinson's disease, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. A single systemic …

Celsus described four of the five cardinal signs of inflammation 2000 years ago, and
Eustachio discovered the adrenal glands almost 500 years ago, but not until 1936 did Selye …

Abstract Turnbull, Andrew V., and Catherine L. Rivier. Regulation of the Hypothalamic-
Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Cytokines: Actions and Mechanisms of Action. Physiol. Rev. 79: 1 …

Environmental events, both physical and emotional, can produce stress reactions to widely
varying degrees. Stress can affect many aspects of physiology, and levels of stress …

I. Introduction THE existence of mechanisms that provide immunity to an infective agent was
inferred from empirical observations obtained through the ingenuity and deductive capacity …

Glucocorticoids are powerful regulators of immune function. Their role in reducing
inflammation and autoimmune responses is well known, as is their ability to induce …

3. Localization of corticotropin-releasing factor messenger RNA 432 B. Corticotropin-
releasing factor receptors 433 1. Biochemical charactization of the corticotropin-releasing …

Compelling data has been amassed indicating that soluble factors, or cytokines, emanating
from the immune system can have profound effects on the neuroendocrine system, in …