Before starting any (animal) research project, review of the existing literature is good
practice. From both the scientific and the ethical perspective, high-quality literature reviews …

Evaluating stress in laboratory animals is a key principle in animal welfare. Measuring
corticosterone is a common method to assess stress in laboratory mice. There are, however …

Profiling the variability related to the estrous cycle is essential for assessing depressive-like
behavior and screening drugs. This study compares circulating plasma corticosterone levels …

In rodents, the T-maze is commonly used to investigate spontaneous alternating behaviour,
but it can also be used to investigate preference between goods. However, for T-maze …

Simple Summary In 2017, 9.4 million animals were used for research and testing in the
European Union. Animal testing always entails the potential for harm caused to the animals …

Embryonic development and adult physiology are dependent on the action of steroid
hormones. In particular, the reproductive system is reliant on hormonal signaling to promote …

Translating theoretical concepts of animal welfare into quantitative assessment protocols is
an ongoing challenge. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently used as physiological measure …

Stress, as a physiological response, is a major factor that affects several processes,
including reproductive functions. The main hormonal players of stress are cortisol (humans) …

Purpose Publication numbers reporting that ultrasound can stimulate immune reactions in
tumors steadily increase. However, the presented data are partially conflicting, and …

Introduction: Current animal-based biomedical research, including studies on liver function
and disease, is conducted almost exclusively on male animals to mitigate confounding …