A dive into the origins, management, and uses and misuses of sovereign debt through the
ages. Public debts have exploded to levels unprecedented in modern history as …

Central banks are powerful but poorly understood organisations. In 1900 the Bank of Japan
was the only central bank to exist outside Europe but over the past century central banking …

This article examines the impact of trade liberalization on government revenues. Using a
new dataset on tax revenues for 130 countries between 1792 and 2006, we identify ninety …

We use a standard metric from international finance, the currency risk premium, to assess
the credibility of fixed exchange rates during the classical gold standard era. Theory …

This chapter reviews monetary policy developments in Japan from the late nineteenth
century to the early twenty-first century, focusing on its goals and instruments. The goals of …

El patrón oro fue el sistema monetario preponderante entre finales de los setenta y la
Primera Guerra Mundial. España nunca formó parte de él. El tipo de cambio de la peseta …

In this chapter, we review the history of the Bank of Japan (BOJ) with a focus on the
changing role of the central bank and the transformation of the national economy (Table …

Economic development improves long-run health outcomes through access to medical
treatment, sanitation, and higher income. Short run impacts, however, may be ambiguous …

This article provides the first systematic econometric study on the evolution of Chinese silver
exchange and monetary regimes during the period 1898–1933. Using high‐quality datasets …

Large family‐owned conglomerates known as zaibatsu have long been credited with
leading Japanese industrialization during the Meiji period (1868–1912), despite a lack of …