Abstract Purpose of Review Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by lipid
retention and inflammation in the artery wall. The retention and oxidation of low-density …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. CVD includes a
group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels such as myocardial infarction, ischemic …

The endothelium is the single-cell monolayer that lines the entire vasculature. The
endothelium has a barrier function to separate blood from organs and tissues but also has …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in the progression of many chronic
diseases like atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. For decades, antioxidant compounds …

The Smad transcription factors are well known for their role at the core of transforming
growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling. However, recent evidence shows that the Smad …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are dominant components of the innate immune system. Activated
by both pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling pathways are intensively investigated
because of their diverse association with physiological and pathophysiological states. Smad …

The subendothelial retention of circulating lipoproteins on extracellular matrix proteins and
proteoglycans is one of the earliest events in the development of atherosclerosis. Multiple …

In recent years, the role of macrophages as the primary cell type contributing to foam cell
formation and atheroma plaque development has been widely acknowledged. However, it …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 mediates glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain
hyperelongation on secreted proteoglycans and these modifications are associated with …