The acquisition of literacy transforms the human brain. By reviewing studies of illiterate
subjects, we propose specific hypotheses on how the functions of core brain systems are …

Two sensory systems are intrinsic to learning to read. Written words enter the brain through
the visual system and associated sounds through the auditory system. The task before the …

Spelling a word involves the retrieval of information about the word's letters and their order
from long-term memory as well as the maintenance and processing of this information by …

Recent studies report a putative “number form area”(NFA) in the inferior temporal gyrus (ITG)
suggested to be specialized for Arabic numeral processing. However, a number of earlier …

A prominent feature of cognitive aging is the decline of executive function (EF) abilities.
Numerous studies have reported that older adults perform poorer than younger adults in …

Reading acquisition is one of the most complex and demanding learning processes faced
by children in their first years of schooling. If reading acquisition is challenging in one …

Developmental dyslexia is one of the most prevalent learning disabilities, thought to be
associated with dysfunction in the neural systems underlying typical reading acquisition …

Reading is an evolutionarily recent development that recruits and tunes brain circuitry
connecting primary-and language-processing regions. We investigated whether metrics of …

Efficient reading requires a fast conversion of the written word to both phonological and
semantic codes. We tested the hypothesis that, within the left occipitotemporal cortical …

Blind readers use a tactile reading system consisting of raised dot arrays: braille/⠃⠗⠇. How
do human brains implement reading by touch? The current study looked for signatures of …