Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of the host defense after pathogen invasion. Viruses
trigger the expression of interferons (IFNs). These master antiviral cytokines induce in turn a …

Global fish production from aquaculture has rapidly grown over the past decades, and grass
carp shares the largest portion. However, hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp …

Interferon (IFN) response is the first line of host defense against virus infection. The recent
years have witnessed tremendous progress in understanding of fish IFN antiviral response …

Interferons (IFN s) have been reported in vertebrates from fish to mammals. To date, two
types of IFN s, ie type I and type II IFN s have been reported in a range of fish species in …

In mammals, cytosolic sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs)
activate multiple signaling cascades initiating IFN-α/β expression. IFN regulatory factor 3 …

Retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I)‐like receptors (RLR s) are found conservatively
present in teleost fish. All three members, RIG‐I, MDA 5 and LGP 2, together with the …

A key facet of the innate immune response lays in its ability to recognize and respond to
invading microorganisms and cellular disturbances. Through the use of germ-line encoded …

Novirhabdoviruses belong to the Rhabdoviridae family of RNA viruses. All of the four
members are pathogenic for bony fish. Particularly, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus …

In mammals, LGP2 is the enigmatic RLR family member, being initially believed as an
inhibitor of RLR-triggered IFN response but subsequently as an activator of MDA5 signaling …