Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells play an important role in eliminating malignant tumor
cells and the number and activity of tumor-infiltrating T cells represent a good marker for …

Vascular endothelial growth factor A is known to play a central role in tumor angiogenesis.
Several studies showed that VEGF-A is also an immunosuppressive factor. In tumor-bearing …

Multitarget antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have been shown to reduce
regulatory T cells (Treg) in tumor-bearing animals and patients with metastatic renal …

Antiangiogenic and cytotoxic effects are considered the principal mechanisms of action of
sorafenib, a multitarget kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of hepatocellular …

The ability of tumor cells to escape tumor immunosurveillance contributes to cancer
development. Factors produced in the tumor microenvironment create “tolerizing” conditions …

The outcome of tumors results from genetic and epigenetic modifications of the transformed
cells and also from the interactions of the malignant cells with their tumor microenvironment …

Adoptive chimeric antigen receptor‐modified T or NK cells (CAR‐T or CAR‐NK) offer new
options for cancer treatment. CAR‐T therapy has achieved encouraging breakthroughs in …

The recent approval of two immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of malignant
melanoma has sparked great interest by physicians and basic scientists searching for novel …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in combination with vascular endothelial growth factor
receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have become a new standard of care in …

Bone metastasis is associated with significant morbidity for cancer patients and results in a
reduced quality of life. The bone marrow is a fertile soil containing a complex composition of …