Transcranial (electro) magnetic stimulation (TMS) is currently the method of choice to non-
invasively induce neural activity in the human brain. A single transcranial stimulus induces a …

The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di
Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial …

Ultrasonic neuromodulation is a rapidly growing field, in which low-intensity ultrasound (US)
is delivered to nervous system tissue, resulting in transient modulation of neural activity. This …

Background Rapidly changing excitability states in an oscillating neuronal network can
explain response variability to external stimulation, but if repetitive stimulation of always the …

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques can be used to monitor and modulate the
excitability of intracortical neuronal circuits. Long periods of cortical stimulation can produce …

The combination of pharmacology and transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the effects
of drugs on TMS-evoked EMG responses (pharmaco-TMS-EMG) has considerably improved …

Since the rediscovery of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) about 10 years ago,
interest in tDCS has grown exponentially. A noninvasive stimulation technique that induces …

Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques have been widely used for studying the
physiology of the CNS, identifying the functional role of specific brain structures and, more …

The after-effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are highly variable
between individuals. Because different populations of cortical neurons are stimulated more …

The motor-evoked potential (MEP) elicited in peripheral muscles by transcranial magnetic
stimulation (TMS) over human motor cortex is one of the hallmark measures for non-invasive …