In recent years, powerful genetic code reprogramming methods have emerged that allow
new functional components to be embedded into proteins as noncanonical amino acid …

Through incremental change, Nature reworks and repurposes its functional machinery. In
this way, proteins that photochemically repair DNA by moving protons and electrons have a …

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) catalyze the de novo conversion of nucleotides to
deoxynucleotides in all organisms, controlling their relative ratios and abundance. In doing …

Electrons have so little mass that in less than a second they can tunnel through potential
energy barriers that are several electron-volts high and several nanometers wide. Electron …

Electron flow through proteins and protein assemblies in the photosynthetic and respiratory
machinery commonly occurs between metal centers or other redox cofactors that are …

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) catalyze the conversionof nucleotides to 2′-
deoxynucleotides and are classified on the basis of the metallo-cofactor used to conduct this …

Biological redox machines require efficient transfer of electrons and holes for function.
Reactions involving multiple tunneling steps, termed “hopping,” often promote charge …

Radicals in biology, once thought to all be bad actors, are now known to play a central role
in many enzymatic reactions. Of the known radical-based enzymes, ribonucleotide …

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) reduce ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides using
radical-based chemistry. For class Ia RNRs, the radical species is stored in a separate …

An enormous variety of biological redox reactions are accompanied by changes in proton
content at enzyme active sites, in their associated cofactors, in substrates and/or products …