Abstract Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a stromal cell population with cell-of-origin,
phenotypic and functional heterogeneity, are the most essential components of the tumor …

In recent years, breakthroughs have been made in tumor immunotherapy. However, tumor
immunotherapy, particularly anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors, is effective in …

All implanted biomaterials are targets of the host's immune system. While the host
inflammatory response was once considered a detrimental force to be blunted or avoided, in …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and ever-changing “rogue organ”
composed of its own blood supply, lymphatic and nervous systems, stroma, immune cells …

Macrophages are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis, with tumours distorting this
proclivity to stimulate proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. This had led to an interest …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are some of the most abundant immune cells within
tumors and perform a broad repertoire of functions via diverse phenotypes. On the basis of …

As our understanding of cancer cell biology progresses, it has become clear that tumors are
a heterogenous mixture of different cell populations, some of which contain so called …

The extracellular matrix regulates tissue development and homeostasis, and its
dysregulation contributes to neoplastic progression. The extracellular matrix serves not only …

Among cells present in the tumor microenvironment, activated fibroblasts termed cancer-
associated fibroblasts (CAFs), play a critical role in the complex process of tumor-stroma …

Macrophages are the most numerous immune-cells present in the lung environment under
homoeostatic conditions and are ideally positioned to dictate the innate defence of the …