The adaptive immune system arose 500 million years ago in ectothermic (cold-blooded)
vertebrates. Classically, the adaptive immune system has been defined by the presence of …

γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and B cells are present together in all but the most primitive
vertebrates, suggesting that each population contributes to host immune competence …

The membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger innate immune responses after
recognition of a wide variety of pathogen-derived compounds. Despite the wide range of …

Summary γδ T cells contribute uniquely to immune competence. Nevertheless, how they
function remains an enigma. It is unclear what most γδ T cells recognize, what is required for …

Lampreys and hagfish are primitive jawless vertebrates capable of mounting specific
immune responses. Lampreys possess different types of lymphocytes, akin to T and B cells …

The evolutionary emergence of vertebrates was accompanied by major morphological and
functional innovations, including the development of an adaptive immune system. Vertebrate …

T cells express a somatically recombined antigen receptor (αβTCR) that is calibrated during
development to respond to changes in peptides displayed by major histocompatibility …

Repeat proteins have recently been of great interest as potential alternatives to
immunoglobulin antibodies due to their unique structural and biophysical features. We here …

γδ T cells are essential for immune defense and modulating physiological processes. While
they have the potential to recognize large numbers of antigens through somatic gene …

Both jawless vertebrates, such as lampreys and hagfish, and jawed vertebrates
(encompassing species as diverse as sharks and humans) have an adaptive immune …