Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions,
including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be …

We present a comprehensive overview of the neurobiology of unipolar major depression
and antidepressant drug action, integrating data from affective neuroscience, neuro-and …

The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis represents a complex neuroendocrine
feedback loop controlling the secretion of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. Central to its …

Decline of estrogen level is associated with an increase in mood disturbances such as
depression and anxiety. Our previous study showed that increased levels of inflammatory …

Stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression are disproportionately prevalent in
women. Women are more likely to experience depression and anxiety disorders during …

Epidemiologic data consistently report an elevated prevalence of major depressive disorder
(MDD) in women. This increase begins during adolescence and continues through the …

Estrogens have numerous effects on the brain, both in adulthood and during development.
These actions of estrogen are mediated by two distinct estrogen receptor (ER) systems, ER …

The pros and cons of estrogen therapy for use in postmenopausal women continue to be a
major topic of debate in women's health. Much of this debate focuses on the potential …

Pregnancy and motherhood constitute periods of tremendous hormonal variation that
orchestrate parturition, lactation, maternal care, maternal aggression, and recognition of …

Background Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are much more common in males than in
females. Molecular alterations within the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway may …