Colocalization of small-molecule and neuropeptide transmitters is common throughout the
nervous system of all animals. The resulting co-transmission, which provides conjoint …

Studies of neuropeptide and peptide hormone signaling are coming of age in Drosophila
due to rapid developments in molecular genetics approaches that overcome the difficulties …

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are exquisitely
sensitive to extracellular protons and can sense transient as well as sustained acidification …

The nervous systems of cnidarians, pre-bilaterian animals that diverged close to the base of
the metazoan radiation, are structurally simple and thus have great potential to reveal …

Abstract Development of the pharmacology of Acid-Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs) has
become a key challenge to study their structure, their molecular and cellular functions and …

Ctenophores have traditionally been treated as eumetazoans, but some recent whole
genome studies have revived the idea that they are, rather, the sister group to all other …

Colonization of body epithelial surfaces with a highly specific microbial community is a
fundamental feature of all animals, yet the underlying mechanisms by which these …

Neuropeptides and their G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have an early evolutionary
origin and are already abundant in basal animals with primitive nervous systems such as …

Modulating neural activity with electrical or chemical stimulus can be used for fundamental
and applied research. Typically, neuronal stimulation is performed with intracellular and …

Neuropeptides are the most diverse class of chemical modulators in nervous systems. They
contribute to extensive modulation of circuit activity and have profound influences on animal …