The temporal difference learning (TDL) algorithm has been essential to conceptualizing the
role of dopamine in reinforcement learning (RL). Despite its theoretical importance, it …

Essentially all neuropsychiatric diagnoses show some degree of sex and/or gender
differences in their etiology, diagnosis, or prognosis. As a result, the roles of sex-related …

Functions associated with processing reward‐related information are fundamental drivers of
motivation, learning, and goal‐directed behavior. Such functions have been classified as the …

Risky choice is associated with maladaptive behaviors, particularly substance use disorders.
Current animal models of risky choice are often confounded by other constructs like …

Neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with differences in learning and motivation
that can influence executive function, including behavioral flexibility and decision making …

Delay discounting refers to the decrease in subjective value of a reward as the delay until its
receipt increases. In the present study we assessed the effects of the sequence of delay …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a worldwide problem and the risk of developing this disease
is partly genetically regulated. Ethanol responses are conserved among mammals and …

Humans must wait or make risky decisions to obtain different commodities of varying value.
These decisions rely on learning the value of those commodities and adapting choices to …