Decades of research have identified genetic factors and biochemical pathways involved in
neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). We present evidence for the following eight hallmarks …

Amyloid β protein (Aβ) is the main component of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease
(AD), and its accumulation has been considered as the molecular driver of Alzheimer's …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is clinically, pathologically, and genetically heterogeneous,
resisting distillation to a single, cohesive disorder. Instead, each affected individual develops …

The uptake of calcium into and extrusion of calcium from the mitochondrial matrix is a
fundamental biological process that has critical effects on cellular metabolism, signaling …

Hypoxia, the hallmark of malignant tumors, has been recognized as a major obstacle for
photodynamic therapy (PDT). Precisely targeting cancer cells in intricate biological …

Several common psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases share epidemiologic risk;
however, whether they share pathophysiology is unclear and is the focus of our …

Mitochondria play key roles in bioenergetics, metabolism, and signaling; therefore, stable
mitochondrial function is essential for cell survival, particularly in energy-intensive neuronal …

Aging of the brain can manifest itself as a memory and cognitive decline, which has been
shown to frequently coincide with changes in the structural plasticity of dendritic spines …

Synaptic activity imposes large energy demands that are met by local adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative …

Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy
function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic …