Detailed observation of the movement of individual animals offers the potential to
understand spatial population processes as the ultimate consequence of individual …

Using optimality perspectives is now regarded as an essential way of analysing and
understanding adaptations and behavioural strategies in bird migration. Optimization …

Migration, broadly defined as directional movement to take advantage of spatially distributed
resources, is a dramatic behaviour and an important component of many life histories that …

Background The movement of animals is strongly influenced by external factors in their
surrounding environment such as weather, habitat types, and human land use. With …

The energetic costs of different behaviours are critical in modulating the behavioural ecology
of free‐living animals. Despite this, measurement of energy expenditure in the field has …

Many species of large bird fly together in formation, perhaps because flight power demands
and energy expenditure can be reduced when the birds fly at an optimal spacing,,, or …

Westerly winds in the Southern Ocean have increased in intensity and moved poleward.
Using long-term demographic and foraging records, we show that foraging range in …

Summary 1 Measuring the metabolic rate of animals in the field (FMR) is central to the work
of ecologists in many disciplines. In this article we discuss the pros and cons of the two most …

Migrating wildlife species across the globe face a dire predicament as their traditional
migratory routes are cut off by human encroachment. Forced into smaller and smaller …

Sexual segregation by micro–or macrohabitat is common in birds, and usually attributed to
size–mediated dominance and exclusion of females by larger males, trophic niche …