In the early 1950s, Austin and Chang independently described the changes that are
required for the sperm to fertilize oocytes in vivo. These changes were originally grouped …

Mammalian sperm cells must respond to cues originating from along the female
reproductive tract and from the layers of the egg in order to complete their fertilization …

The reaction of CO2 with H2O to form bicarbonate (HCO3−) and H+ controls sperm motility
and fertilization via HCO3−-stimulated cAMP synthesis. A complex network of signaling …

Olfactory receptors (ORs) are not exclusively expressed in the olfactory sensory neurons;
they are also observed outside of the olfactory system in all other human tissues tested to …

Several studies proposed the importance of zinc ion in male fertility. Here, we describe the
properties, roles and cellular mechanisms of action of Zn2+ in spermatozoa, focusing on its …

A major puzzle in biology is how mammalian sperm maintain the correct swimming direction
during various phases of the sexual reproduction process. Whilst chemotaxis may dominate …

Physiological changes that endow mammalian sperm with fertilizing capacity are known as
sperm capacitation. As part of capacitation, sperm develop an asymmetrical flagellar beating …

The goal of sperm is to fertilize the oocyte. To achieve that purpose, it must acquire motility in
the epididymis and hyperactivated motility in the female reproductive tract. Motility is only …

The oviduct or Fallopian tube is the anatomical region where every new life begins in
mammalian species. After a long journey, the spermatozoa meet the oocyte in the specific …

Abstract Cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cAMP), the first second messenger to
be described, plays a central role in cell signaling in a wide variety of cell types. Over the last …