The immune system is composed of two subsystems—the innate immune system and the
adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and …

What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Cytokines, produced at the site of entry of a pathogen, drive inflammatory signals that
regulate the capacity of resident and newly arrived phagocytes to destroy the invading …

Overcrowding conditions and temperatures shifts regularly manifest in large-scale infections
of farmed fish, resulting in economic losses for the global aquaculture industries. Increased …

TNF-α is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and regulation of immune cells. It is
produced chiefly by activated macrophages as a membrane or secreted form. In rainbow …

Highlights•Zebrafish are a useful tool for screening new drugs for inflammation.•This teleost
shares several inflammatory mediators and receptors with mammals.•The real-time …

Fishes are the most successful and diverse group of vertebrate animals, first appeared
during Devonian period. Despite of certain differences, the immune system of fish is …

In this review, we support taking polarized immune responses in teleost fish from a
'macrophage first'point of view, a hypothesis that reverts the dichotomous T helper (TH) 1 …

These studies demonstrate that CSF-1 and IL-34 are conserved in birds, and uses
evolutionary comparisons to infer structure function relationships among vertebrate animals …

Macrophages are found across all vertebrate species, reside in virtually all animal tissues,
and play critical roles in host protection and homeostasis. Various mechanisms determine …