We revisit the challenges and prospects for ocean circulation models following Griffies et al..
Over the past decade, ocean circulation models evolved through improved understanding …

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) represents the zonally integrated
stream function of meridional volume transport in the Atlantic Basin. The AMOC plays an …

A new release of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model version 1.2
(MPI‐ESM1. 2) is presented. The development focused on correcting errors in and …

Abstract The Alfred Wegener Institute Climate Model (AWI‐CM) participates for the first time
in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), CMIP6. The sea ice‐ocean …

This work documents the ICON‐Earth System Model (ICON‐ESM V1. 0), the first coupled
model based on the ICON (ICOsahedral Non‐hydrostatic) framework with its unstructured …

Observational reconstructions indicate a contemporary increase in coastal ocean CO2
uptake. However, the mechanisms and their relative importance in driving this globally …

We describe the ocean general circulation model Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic Weather and
Climate Model (ICON‐O) of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, which forms the ocean …

Today's global Earth system models began as simple regional models of tropospheric
weather systems. Over the past century, the physical realism of the models has steadily …

We present the first global ocean‐biogeochemistry model that uses a telescoping high
resolution for an improved representation of coastal carbon dynamics: ICON‐Coast. Based …

The meridional temperature profile of the upper layers of planetary atmospheres is set
through a balance between differential radiative heating by a nearby star, or by intrinsic heat …