The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK) signalling pathway regulates many cellular functions, including proliferation …

KRAS is the most frequently mutated driver of pancreatic, colorectal, and non–small cell lung
cancers. Direct KRAS blockade has proved challenging, and inhibition of a key downstream …

Oncogenic alterations in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway drive the growth of a wide
spectrum of cancers. While BRAF and MEK inhibitors are efficacious against BRAFV600E …

SOS1 is one of the major guanine nucleotide exchange factors that regulates the ability of
KRAS to cycle through its “on” and “off” states. Disrupting the SOS1: KRASG12C protein …

Extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are the final components of the
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation cascade, an integral module in a …

Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and …

RAF kinase inhibitors have substantial therapeutic effects in patients with BRAF-mutant
melanoma. However, only rarely do tumors regress completely, and the therapeutic effects …

The ERK signaling cascade is a central MAPK pathway that plays a role in the regulation of
various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, development, learning …

Publisher Summary The chapter introduces the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase
(MAPK) module. The identification of MAP kinase pathways exemplifies the power of …