Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important
signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their …

Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic steroid acids whose production and diversity depend on
both host and microbial metabolism. These metabolites have emerged as biologically active …

Gut microbiota and its metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA),
lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) impact cardiovascular …

Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises hepatic alterations with
increased lipid accumulation (steatosis) without or with inflammation (nonalcoholic …

To date, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent liver disease,
affecting up to 70% of patients with diabetes. Currently, there are no specific drugs available …

The spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from simple hepatic
steatosis, commonly associated with obesity, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which can …

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a metabolic nuclear receptor, plays critical roles in the
maintenance of systemic energy homeostasis and the integrity of many organs, including …

Gut microbiota play an important role in maintaining intestinal health and are involved in the
metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. Recent studies have shown that the …

Obesity is closely related to metabolic syndromes such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes and
has become a global public health problem. Probiotics are now used as a treatment for …

The liver is the central metabolic organ of the body, regulating energy and lipid metabolism,
while also having potent immunological functions. Overwhelming the metabolic capacity of …