Scientists and engineers have observed for some time that tidal amplitudes at many
locations are shifting considerably due to nonastronomical factors. Here we review …

With a global increase in coastal development, together with increasing storminess and
continuing sea level rise, coastal erosion has become a serious problem along a significant …

Momentum for sustainable and climate resilience solutions for coastal protection are
growing globally given the pressing need to prevent further loss of biodiversity and …

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO and UNEP …

The ability of a coastal settlement to adapt to climate change is largely dependent upon
access to a range of resources, which many coastal towns and small cities lack. Coastal …

Salt spray mainly originates from the bursting of bubbles in breaking waves and is often
considered as one of the dominant factors contributing to vegetation zonation in coastal …

The increasing frequency and/or severity of extreme climate events are becoming
increasingly apparent over multi‐decadal timescales at the global scale, albeit with relatively …

To fulfil international conservation commitments, governments have begun to recognise the
need for more proactive marine planning policies, advocating sensitive engineering design …

Current coastal protection strategy in Portugal defines beach and shoreface nourishment as
a valid measure to mitigate coastal erosion in some erosional hot-spots, being considered …

The upland nature of the Scottish landscape means that much of the social and economic
activity has a coastal bias. The importance of the coast is further highlighted by the wide …