In the past 20 years the treatment scenario of multiple sclerosis has radically changed. The
increasing availability of effective disease-modifying therapies has shifted the aim of …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and life-long disease characterized by
gastrointestinal tract inflammation. It is caused by the interplay of the host's genetic …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS
that causes disability in young adults as a result of the irreversible accumulation of …

Abstract Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P receptors (S1PR) are ubiquitously
expressed. S1P-S1PR signaling has been well characterized in immune trafficking and …

Fingolimod (Gilenya) received regulatory approval from the US FDA in 2010 as the first-in-
class sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor (S1PR) modulator and was the first oral …

Abstract Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators possess a unique mechanism
of action as disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). Subtype 1 S1P receptors …

Following an ischemic stroke, T lymphocytes become activated, infiltrate the brain, and
appear to release cytokines and reactive oxygen species to contribute to early inflammation …

Studies examining antibody responses by vaccine brand are lacking and may be informative
for optimizing vaccine selection, dosage, and regimens. The purpose of this study is to …

The first oral treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis, the nonselective sphingosine-1-
phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator fingolimod, led to identification of a pivotal role of …

Abstract Sphingosine 1-phosphate (SP1) receptors may be attractive targets for modulation
of inflammatory processes in neurodegenerative diseases. Recently fingolimod, a functional …