Background SARS-CoV-2 is a highly infectious respiratory virus associated with coronavirus
disease (COVID-19). Discoveries in the field revealed that inflammatory conditions exert a …

Osteoporosis is a systemic multifactorial bone disease characterized by low bone quality
and density and bone microstructure damage, increasing bone fragility and fracture …

Osteonecrosis occurs when, under continuous stimulation by adverse factors such as
glucocorticoids or alcohol, the death of local bone and marrow cells leads to abnormal …

The sex steroid hormone estrogen plays a number of regulatory roles in female
development. During menopause, estrogen synthesis in the ovaries decreases, which …

Osteoporosis is a widely observed condition characterized by the systemic deterioration of
bone mass and microarchitecture, which increases patient susceptibility to fragile fractures …

Microbial infections early in life are challenging for the unexperienced immune system. The
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic again has highlighted that neonatal, infant, child, and adult T-helper …

Melatonin is an important endogenous hormone that modulates homeostasis in the
microenvironment. Recent studies have indicated that serum melatonin levels are closely …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic destructive autoimmune disease of the joints which
causes significant pain, functional disability, and mortality. Although aberrant immune cell …

Age‐related delays in bone repair remains an important clinical issue that can prolong pain
and suffering. It is now well established that inflammation increases with aging and that this …

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is a prevalent member of the gut microbiota of
breastfed infants. In this study, the effects of human breastmilk-derived B. longum subsp …