Purpose This review aimed to provide an overview of current research into the risk factors for
Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Methods To find information about the risk factors for GO, the …

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is the key enzyme involved in thyroid hormone synthesis.
Autoantibodies to TPO (TPOAbs) are a hallmark of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) …

Abstract Graves' disease (GD), similarly to most autoimmune disease, is triggered by
environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. Particular HLA alleles increase …

Graves' disease (GD) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease affecting with varying
degrees of severity the thyroid gland, orbital tissues and skin. The pathogenesis of GD …

Background. Thyroid‐associated orbitopathy (TAO) is the most common autoimmune
disease of the orbit. It occurs more often in patients presenting with hyperthyroidism …

Introduction Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' orbitopathy (GO) development were
suspected to be HLA-related in both Asian and Caucasian populations. However, most …

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) accounts for 90% of all thyroid diseases and affects 2–
5% of the population with remarkable familial clustering. Among AITDs, Graves' disease …

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme that participates in thyroid hormone biosynthesis.
TPO is also a major autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). In this review, we …

Background Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) with a peak
incidence between 30 and 50 years of age. Although children and adolescents may also …

Introduction Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) is one of the most common autoimmune
inflammatory disorders of the orbit. The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is believed to …