Introduction: The extrapetrous course of the facial nerve has been a matter of study and
debate since XIX century. Two different classifications have been classically proposed and …

Injury to the fifth (V, trigeminal) and seventh (VII, facial) cranial nerves may result in
significant cosmetic and functional deficits. These deformities have a profound effect on …

Background: Buccal fat pad excision is offered as a means of obtaining a more aesthetic
midface. This procedure has been documented in the form of countless videos on Instagram …

Facial nerve iatrogenic injuries are serious and can negatively affect the quality of life of the
patients. Due to the properties of the nerve, the complications are devastating involving the …

Purpose There are basically 3 main approaches for extra-articular mandibular condyle
fractures: low cervical, retromandibular and preauricular. These include a risk of facial palsy …

Background: The facial nerve controls facial muscles and expressions. Variability in
branching patterns of the nerve creates variability in facial animation, which is evident in …

The high number of marginal mandibular nerve (MMN) anatomical variants have a well‐
known clinical significance due to the risk of nerve injury in several surgical procedures. The …

Details of the human facial parotid plexus (PP) are not readily accessible during ordinary
anatomical teaching because of insufficient time and difficulties encountered in the …

Objectives: To evaluate morphological properties of the zygomaticus major (ZMj) and
demonstrate its detailed anatomical relationships with the orbicularis oculi (OOc) and the …

Background: Surgery of face and parotid gland may cause injury to branches of the facial
nerve, which results in paralysis of muscles of facial expression. Knowledge of branching …