Diverse molecular processes regulate the interactions between plants and insect
herbivores. Here, we review genes and proteins that are involved in plant–herbivore …

Complete and balanced nutrition has always been the first line of plant defense due to the
direct involvement of mineral elements in plant protection. Mineral elements affect plant …

As a universal process in multicellular organisms, including animals and plants, cells usually
emit danger signals when suffering from attacks of microbes and herbivores, or physical …

Danger signals trigger immune responses upon perception by a complex surveillance
system. Such signals can originate from the infectious nonself or the damaged self, the latter …

Plants have various self-defense mechanisms against biotic attacks, involving both physical
and chemical barriers. Physical barriers include spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers …

Glutamate (Glu) is a versatile metabolite and a signaling molecule in plants. Glu
biosynthesis is associated with the primary nitrogen assimilation pathway. The conversion …

Background As universal energy currency, intracellular ATP (iATP) shortages in horticultural
crops during postharvest stresses and senescence. In addition to function as intracellular …

Phytohormones are major signaling components that contribute to nearly all aspects of plant
life. They constitute an interconnected communication network to fine-tune growth and …

Recognition and repair of damaged tissue are an integral part of life. The failure of cells and
tissues to appropriately respond to damage can lead to severe dysfunction and disease …

Plant defense responses against insect herbivores are induced through wound-induced
signaling and the specific perception of herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) …