Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disease with many pathogenesis
factors, including defective cellular waste management in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) …

Exosomes are natural extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm, which exist in
biological fluids and contain biomolecules related to the parent cell, such as proteins …

Exosomes, nanoscale vesicles with a diameter of 30 to 150 nm, are composed of a lipid
bilayer, protein, and genetic material. Exosomes are secreted by virtually all types of cells in …

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the
neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and …

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alterations in age-related macular degeneration occur in
patches, potentially involving long-distance communication between damaged and healthy …

Retinal degenerative diseases are a group of heterogeneous diseases that include age-
related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and diabetic retinopathy …

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that can be produced by most cells. Exosomes act as
important intermediaries in intercellular communication, and participate in a variety of …

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and
neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) are among the leading causes of …

Exosomes are a group of vesicles that package and transport DNA, RNA, proteins, and
lipids to recipient cells. They can be derived from blood, saliva, urine, and/or other biological …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass secreted membrane vesicles of varied sizes,
including exosomes (− 30–200 nm) and microvesicles (MVs) that are∼ 100–1,000 nm in …