Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. In women the menstrual cycle
introduces another variable; indeed, some conditions eg, premenstrual syndrome, are …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

The notion that men are more variable than women has become embedded into scientific
thinking. For mental traits like personality, greater male variability has been partly attributed …

Risk‐taking behaviors are a primary contributor to elevated adolescent injury and mortality.
Locomotor and anxiety‐like behaviors in rodents have been used to examine risk‐taking …

Fear memories are important for survival and are implicated in the etiology of fear disorders
such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Fear memories are well studied pre …

Balancing foraging gain and predation risk is a fundamental trade-off in the life of animals.
Individual strategies to acquire, process, store and use information to solve cognitive tasks …

Oral calcium and calcium plus vitamin D supplements are commonly prescribed to several
groups of patients, eg, osteoporosis, fracture, and calcium deficiency. Adequate and steady …

Maladaptive decision making is associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders,
including problem gambling and suicidal behavior. The prevalence of these disorders is …

Neophobia, or the fear of novelty, may offer benefits to animals by limiting their exposure to
unknown danger, but can also impose costs by preventing the exploration of potential …

The scientific understanding of fear and anxiety—in both normal and pathological forms—is
presently limited by a predominance of studies that use male animals and Pavlovian fear …