Inflammation underpins and contributes to the pathogenesis of many retinal degenerative
diseases. The recruitment and activation of both resident microglia and recruited …

Abstract Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that participates in immunomodulation,
inflammation, increases vascular permeability, hematopoiesis, and stimulates cell …

Background Several retinal pathologies exhibit both inflammation and breakdown of the
inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) resulting in vascular permeability, suggesting that …

Purpose: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) occurs in 5%–10% of rhegmatogenous retinal
detachment cases and is the principle cause for failure of retinal reattachment surgery …

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) maintains photoreceptor viability and function,
completes the visual cycle, and forms the outer blood-retinal barrier (oBRB). Loss of RPE …

Retinal detachment (RD) occurs in several major retinal conditions and often causes
irreversible vision loss due to photoreceptor cell death. Retinal residential microglial cells …

Interleukins and cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of uveitis of heterogeneous
origin. Understanding the basics of the ocular immune privilege is a fulcrum to discern their …

Retinal degenerative disorders, such as diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, age-
related macular degeneration or glaucoma, represent the most common causes of loss of …

Purpose Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is elevated in intraocular fluid from eyes with proliferative
vitreoretinopathy (PVR), but the exact role of the cytokine is still unclear. We investigated the …

Purpose Various profibrotic and proinflammatory cytokines have been found upregulated in
uncomplicated primary retinal detachment (pRD), but without providing a uniform picture …