A relatively small number of especially susceptible nerve cell types within multiple
neurotransmitter systems of the human central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems …

Accumulating evidence suggests that sporadic Parkinson's disease has a long prodromal
period during which several non‐motor features develop, in particular, impairment of …

The central processing pathways of the human olfactory system are not fully understood.
The olfactory bulb projects directly to a number of cortical brain structures, but the distinct …

The accumulation of misfolded proteins is a fundamental pathogenic process in
neurodegenerative diseases. However, the factors that trigger aggregation of α-Synuclein (α …

Olfactory deficits are present in numerous neurodegenerative disorders and are
accompanied by pathology in related brain regions. In several of these disorders, olfactory …

Olfactory dysfunction is an early 'pre-clinical'sign of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present
review is a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of such dysfunction in PD and …

Glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic factor with
restorative effects in a wide variety of rodent and primate models of Parkinson disease, but …

The two current major staging systems in use for Lewy body disorders fail to classify up to
50% of subjects. Both systems do not allow for large numbers of subjects who have Lewy …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder typified by the
presence of intraneuronal inclusions containing aggregated alpha synuclein (αsyn). The …

The synucleinopathy known as sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem disorder
that severely damages predisposed nerve cell types in circumscribed regions of the human …