Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is associated with most viral infections—it either constitutes
the viral genome (in the case of dsRNA viruses) or is generated in host cells during viral …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are RNA sensor molecules that
play essential roles in innate antiviral immunity. Among the three RLRs encoded by the …

RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated
protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of …

Pathogen-derived nucleic acids are crucial signals for innate immunity. Despite the
structural similarity between those and host nucleic acids, mammalian cells have been able …

Detection of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) is a central mechanism of innate immune
defense in many organisms. We here discuss several families of dsRNA-binding proteins …

Viruses survive often harsh host environments, yet we know little about the strategies they
utilize to adapt and subsist given their limited genomic resources. We are beginning to …

Recent progress in human and mouse genetics has transformed our understanding of the
molecular mechanisms by which recognition of self double-stranded RNA (self-dsRNA) …

Antiviral immunity is initiated upon host recognition of viral products via non-self molecular
patterns known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Such recognition …

Highlights•RLRs recognize viral non-self RNA with differential molecular machinery.•
Cytoplasmic aggregates containing RLRs are formed in response to viral dsRNA.•Ubiquitin …