Cellular stress or apoptosis triggers the release of ATP, ADP and other nucleotides into the
extracellular space. Extracellular nucleotides function as autocrine and paracrine signalling …

The enzymatic activities of CD39 and CD73 play strategic roles in calibrating the duration,
magnitude, and chemical nature of purinergic signals delivered to immune cells through the …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer treatment. However, many cancers
are resistant to ICIs, and the targeting of additional inhibitory signals is crucial for limiting …

The intestinal epithelium is a highly structured tissue composed of repeating crypt-villus
units. Enterocytes perform the diverse tasks of absorbing a wide range of nutrients while …

ATP and its ultimate degradation product adenosine are potent extracellular signalling
molecules that elicit a variety of pathophysiological functions in the kidney through the …

Ecto-5′-nucleotidase [cluster of differentiation 73 (CD73)] is a ubiquitously expressed
glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein that converts extracellular adenosine …

Cancer immunotherapy has entered in a new era with the development of first-generation
immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways. In this …

Small intestinal villi are structural and functional units present in higher vertebrates and
uniquely adapted to nutrient absorption. Villus enterocytes are organized in transcriptional …

Apoptosis is coupled with recruitment of macrophages for engulfment of dead cells, and with
compensatory proliferation of neighboring cells. Yet, this death process is silent, and it does …

Adenosine (ADO) and nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, and uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP),
among others, may serve as extracellular signaling molecules. These mediators activate …