Neurotransmitters are molecules that amplify, transmit, and convert signals in cells, having
an essential role in information transmission throughout the nervous system. Hundreds of …

Excitotoxicity is classically defined as the neuronal damage caused by the excessive
release of glutamate, and subsequent activation of excitatory plasma membrane receptors …

Dysregulated host response to infection, which cause life‐threatening organ dysfunction,
was defined as sepsis. Sepsis can cause acute and long‐term brain dysfunction, namely …

A continuously growing body of evidence indicates that astrocytes, which is the most
abundant sub-type of glial cells in the nervous system, not only provide structural and …

In the mammalian brain, glutamate is regarded to be the primary excitatory neurotransmitter
due to its widespread distribution and wide range of metabolic functions. Glutamate plays …

Astrocytes comprise half of the cells in the central nervous system and play a critical role in
maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Metabolic dysfunction in astrocytes has been indicated …

Neuroinflammation refers to a highly complicated reaction of the central nervous system
(CNS) to certain stimuli such as trauma, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. This is a …

Neurodegenerative diseases are critical in the healthcare system as patients suffer from
progressive diseases despite currently available drug management. Indeed, the growing …

Astrocytes are important for maintaining cholesterol metabolism, glutamate uptake, and
neurotransmission. Indeed, inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration contribute to …

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated
by the neurotransmitter glutamate, mediate the slow component of excitatory …