Extracellular vesicles are produced by species across all domains of life, suggesting that
vesiculation represents a fundamental principle of living matter. In Gram-negative bacteria …

Secretion of cellular components across the plasma membrane is an essential process that
enables organisms to interact with their environments. Production of extracellular vesicles in …

The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune
cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal …

Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that
contain components from their mother cells. Bacterial EVs are similar in size to mammalian …

Trillions of microbes have evolved with and continue to live on and within human beings. A
variety of environmental factors can affect intestinal microbial imbalance, which has a close …

This review focuses on nonlytic outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), a subtype of bacterial
extracellular vesicles (BEVs) produced by Gram-negative organisms focusing on the …

The innate immune system recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded
receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component …

Sensing of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the cytosol triggers caspase-11 activation and is
central to host defense against Gram-negative bacterial infections and to the pathogenesis …

Gram-negative bacteria shed extracellular outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) during their
normal growth both in vitro and in vivo. OMVs are spherical, bilayered membrane …

The urogenital tract is a complex environment composed of many different types of epithelial
tissues and innate immune cells that sample the surrounding milieu. As a host-adapted …