The autophagic pathway involves the encapsulation of substrates in double-membraned
vesicles, which are subsequently delivered to the lysosome for enzymatic degradation and …

The last years have seen a steady increase in our understanding of legumain biology that is
driven from two largely uncoupled research arenas, the mammalian and the plant legumain …

Hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury (HIRI) is responsible for postoperative liver dysfunction
and liver failure. Precise and rapid navigation of HIRI lesions is critical for early warning and …

Oxidative stress occurs in a variety of disease settings and is strongly linked to the
development of neuron death and neuronal dysfunction. Cells are equipped with numerous …

Oxidative stress is characterized by imbalanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
and antioxidant defenses. Two main antioxidant systems exist. The nonenzymatic system …

It has been established that the key metabolic pathways of glycolysis and oxidative
phosphorylation are intimately related to redox biology through control of cell signaling …

Over the last decade, a series of synergistic advances in the synthesis chemistries and
imaging instruments have largely boosted a significant revolution, in which large-scale …

Lipids are essential components of a cell providing energy substrates for cellular processes,
signaling intermediates, and building blocks for biological membranes. Lipids are constantly …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and currently one of
the major causes of blindness. Several previous studies have demonstrated that autophagy …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a late-onset, neurodegenerative retinal disease
that shares several clinical and pathological features with Alzheimer's disease (AD) …