Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of
the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the …

Terrestrial ecosystems have encountered substantial warming over the past century, with
temperatures increasing about twice as rapidly over land as over the oceans. Here, we …

Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney
(fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensitivity 1.2±0.3° C (2σ) per W/m2, which is 4.8° C±1.2° …

This paper describes the GISS‐E2. 1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS‐E2) …

The Earth climate system is out of energy balance, and heat has accumulated continuously
over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere …

Between about 1998 and 2012, a time that coincided with political negotiations for
preventing climate change, the surface of Earth seemed hardly to warm. This phenomenon …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

The fourth version of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) was recently
completed and released to the climate community. This paper describes developments to all …

The growing problem of changing environmental conditions caused by climate
destabilization is well recognized as one of the defining issues of our time. The root problem …

The most accurate value of total solar irradiance during the 2008 solar minimum period is
1360.8±0.5 W m− 2 according to measurements from the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) on …