Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to
emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease …

Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune condition. At its core, stimulatory
autoantibodies are directed at the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), resulting in …

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway comprises two activating ligands (IGF-I and IGF-
II), two cell-surface receptors (IGF-IR and IGF-IIR), six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) and nine …

Graves' disease, an autoimmune process associated with thyroid dysfunction, can also
manifest as remodeling of orbital connective tissue. Affected tissues exhibit immune …

Abstract Context: The immunopathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is still
incompletely understood. Attention has shifted from the TSH receptor (TSHR) to the IGF-I …

Abstract Graves' disease (GD), an autoimmune process involving thyroid and orbital tissue,
is associated with lymphocyte abnormalities including expansion of memory T cells. Insulin …

Background The role of autoimmune diseases (ADs) in temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs) has been emphasized in observational studies. However, whether the causation …

Teprotumumab (TPT) is a type I insulin-like growth factor receptor inhibitor, marketed as
Tepezza; recently USFDA approved it for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (thyroid …

Objectives A beneficial effect of sirolimus in Graves' orbitopathy (GO) was reported,
suggesting a possible use in clinical practice. We conducted an observational, single-centre …

Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is part of an autoimmune disease constellation comprising
hyperthyroidism, orbitopathy, pretibial myxedema, and acropachy. Signs and symptoms of …