The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Objective To review the literature on the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA in
chronic migraine. Background OnabotulinumtoxinA is a chronic migraine preventive …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by anaerobic bacteria of the genus
Clostridium and cause a persistent paralysis of peripheral nerve terminals, which is known …

Botulinum neurotoxins are diverse proteins. They are currently represented by at least seven
serotypes and more than 40 subtypes. New clostridial strains that produce novel neurotoxin …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are the most potent toxins
known and cause botulism and tetanus, respectively. BoNTs are also widely utilized as …

An interdisciplinary European group of clinical experts in the field of movement disorders
and experienced Botulinum toxin users has updated the consensus for the use of Botulinum …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the causative agent of botulism, is acknowledged to be the
most poisonous protein known. BoNT proteases disable synaptic vesicle exocytosis by …

Botulinum neurotoxins (designated BoNT/A–BoNT/G) are bacterial enzymes that block
neurotransmitter release by cleaving essential components of the vesicle fusion machinery …

Mammalian hosts interface intimately with commensal and pathogenic bacteria. It is
increasingly clear that molecular interactions between the nervous system and microbes …

Dystonia, defined as a neurological syndrome characterised by involuntary, patterned,
sustained, or repetitive muscle contractions of opposing muscles, causing twisting …