Heavy metal pollution caused due to the industrialization has been considered as a
significant public health hazard, and these heavy metals exhibit various types of …

Metal ions are essential for many reactions, but excess metals can be toxic. In bacteria,
metal limitation activates pathways that are involved in the import and mobilization of metals …

Free radicals are often described as chemical compounds characterized by unpaired
electrons in their outer orbital rendering them highly reactive species. In mammalians …

A third of the world's population uses solid fuel derived from plant material (biomass) or coal
for cooking, heating, or lighting. These fuels are smoky, often used in an open fire or simple …

Copper is well known for its antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Under aerobic conditions,
copper toxicity relies in part on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially …

Chromium (Cr) toxicity leads to the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS),
which are extremely toxic to the plant and must be minimized to protect the plant from …

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for all living organisms and used as cofactor in
key enzymes of important biological processes, such as aerobic respiration or superoxide …

Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols function as thiol-redox buffers to maintain the reduced
state of the cytoplasm. The best studied LMW thiol is the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) …

The immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties of zinc and copper have long been
appreciated. In addition, these metal ions are also essential for microbial growth and …

As the vanguard against implant-associated infections (IAIs), macrophages facilitate the
phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory polarization of planktonic and biofilm infections, but …