Pseudomonas syringae is one of the most common plant pathogens that infect the
phyllosphere. P. syringae can live on the plant surface as an epiphyte. To cause disease, it …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continually generated as a consequence of the normal
metabolism in aerobic organisms. Accumulation and release of ROS into cell take place in …

Pathogens secrete effector proteins and many operate inside plant cells to enable infection.
Some effectors have been found to enter subcellular compartments by mimicking host …

Since the early 1980s, various strains of the gram-negative bacterial pathogen
Pseudomonas syringae have been used as models for understanding plant-bacterial …

Environmental conditions profoundly affect plant disease development; however, the
underlying molecular bases are not well understood. Here we show that elevated …

Every plant is closely associated with a variety of living organisms. Therefore, deciphering
how plants interact with mutualistic and parasitic organisms is essential for a comprehensive …

Highlights•Type-III effectors (T3Es) suppress plant immunity using multiple strategies.•PRR-
triggered immunity is redundantly targeted by multiple T3Es from a single bacterial strain.•A …

Innate immune receptors, well known mediators of response to non-self-molecules and
inflammation, also act as mediators of immunity triggered by 'damage-associated molecular …

A key feature of the virulence of many bacterial pathogens is the ability to deliver effector
proteins into eukaryotic cells via a dedicated type three secretion system (T3SS). Many …

Programmed cell death (PCD) is crucial in plant organogenesis and survival. In this review
the involvement of mitochondria and chloroplasts in PCD execution is critically assessed …