Direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) represent a class of drugs targeting viral proteins and
have been demonstrated to be very successful in combating viral infections in clinic …

Abstract The ubiquitin system of protein modification has emerged as a crucial mechanism
involved in the regulation of a wide array of cellular processes. As our knowledge of the …

Myeloid cells play numerous roles in HIV-1 pathogenesis serving as a vehicle for viral
spread and as a viral reservoir. Yet, cells of this lineage generally resist HIV-1 infection …

The activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID)/apolipoprotein B RNA‐editing catalytic
component (APOBEC) family is a vertebrate‐restricted subgrouping of a superfamily of zinc …

The APOBEC family of proteins comprises deaminase enzymes that edit DNA and/or RNA
sequences. The APOBEC3 subgroup plays an important role on the innate immune system …

The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) box consists of the BC box and the cullin 5
(Cul5) box, which interact with Elongin BC and Cul5, respectively. SOCS box-containing …

Many proteins and protein regions are disordered in their native, biologically active states.
These proteins/regions are abundant in different organisms and carry out important …

Suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) is responsible for regulating the cellular
response to a variety of cytokines, including interleukin 6 and leukaemia inhibitory factor …

G to A hypermutation of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and retroviruses appears as a result of
deamination activities of host APOBEC proteins and is thought to play a role in innate …

Genomic hypermutation of RNA viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1
(HIV-1), can be provoked by intrinsic and extrinsic pressures, which lead to the inhibition of …