The zebrafish is an appealing model organism for investigating the genetic (G) and
environmental (E) factors, as well as their interactions (GxE), which contribute to craniofacial …

Carcinogenic chemicals, or their metabolites, can be classified as genotoxic or non-
genotoxic carcinogens (NGTxCs). Genotoxic compounds induce DNA damage, which can …

Background: Humans are exposed to combinations of chemicals. In cumulative risk
assessment (CRA), regulatory bodies such as the European Food Safety Authority consider …

Many complex molecular interactions are involved in the process of craniofacial
development. Consequently, the network is sensitive to genetic mutations that may result in …

Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a conceptual framework that links a molecular initiating
event (MIE) via intermediate key events (KEs) with adverse effects (adverse outcomes, AO) …

The embryonic stem cell test (EST) was applied to evaluate dose addition in combined
exposures of teratogenic compounds in the EFSA-defined cumulative assessment group …

Recent research efforts in endocrine disruption have focused on evaluating non-EATS
(estrogen, androgen, thyroid, and steroidogenesis) pathways. Retinoid signaling disruption …

Valproic acid (VPA) is an anti‐epileptic drug used alone or in combination with other
medications to treat seizures, mania, and bipolar disorder. VPA recognized as a teratogenic …

Craniofacial defects are one of the most frequent abnormalities at birth, but their
experimental evaluation in animal models requires complex procedures. The aim of the …

The cardiac embryonic stem cell test (ESTc) is a well-studied non-animal alternative test
method based on cardiac cell differentiation inhibition as a measure for developmental …