Brain disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of structure and function of the
brain as a consequence of progressive degeneration and/or death of nerve cells. Aging is a …

Communication between the periphery and the brain is key for maintaining energy
homeostasis. To do so, peripheral signals from the circulation reach the brain via the …

Obesity is a worldwide health, economic and social concern, despite efforts made to
counteract the spreading wave of eating and nourishment-associated disorders. The review …

Axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) play critical roles in the development of inhibitory
circuits in visual thalamus. We previously reported that RGC axons signal astrocytes to …

Failure of myelin regeneration by oligodendrocytes contributes to progressive decline in
many neurological diseases. Here, using in vitro and in vivo rodent models, functional …

There is an increasing understanding of the molecular and cytogenetic background of
various tumors that helps us better conceptualize the pathogenesis of specific diseases …

The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) molecular signaling pathway is well established as a key
regulator of neurodevelopment. It regulates diverse cellular behaviors, and its functions vary …

In the adult mammalian brain, astrocytes are proposed to be the major Sonic Hedgehog
(Shh)-responsive cells. However, the sources of the Shh molecule mediating activation of …

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted glycopeptide belonging to the hedgehog family that is
essential for morphogenesis during embryonic development. The Shh signal is mediated by …

The earliest description of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) dates back more than 140
years ago. In 1869, a French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot described the selective …