HIV is a devastating human pathogen that causes serious immunological diseases in
humans around the world. The virus is able to remain latent in an infected host for many …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the initiation of immune responses against
invading pathogens. MicroRNAs have been shown to be important regulators of TLR …

A few years into the COVID-19 pandemic, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain rapidly becomes
and has remained the predominant strain. To date, Omicron and its subvariants, while more …

While programmed death-1 (PD-1), a co-inhibitory member of CD28 immunoglobulin
superfamily plays negative roles in effector functions of T cells and B cells, little is known …

Background Discovering novel interactions between HIV-1 and human proteins would
greatly contribute to different areas of HIV research. Identification of such interactions leads …

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) impairs tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-mediated
macrophage apoptosis induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). HIV Nef protein plays …

Following transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into a new host, cells of the
monocyte/macrophage lineage play a central role in host invasion and viral replication. In …

Objective: To summarize the data available in the literature on the currently used criteria for
evaluating the vaginal microbiota in reproductive-aged women, the principles of its …

During HIV primary infection, monocytes and DCs produce high levels of p40 chain with
apparent imbalance of IL-23 over IL-12. IL-12 enhances protective responses against HIV …

The regulatory role of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and the JNK signaling pathway in the
effect of high-dose boron on rat splenic lymphocytes has been examined by measuring …